A wide partisan divide exists: most Democrats and independents say their financial situation is about the same as a year ago, while solid majorities of Republicans say they are worse off. Regionally, about half in the San Francisco Bay Area and Los Angeles say they are about the same, while half in the Central Valley say they are worse off; residents elsewhere are divided between being worse off and the same. The shares saying they are worse off decline as educational attainment increases.

Strong majorities across partisan groups feel negatively, but Republicans and independents are much more likely than Democrats to say the economy is in poor shape. Today, majorities across partisan, demographic, and regional groups say they are following news about the gubernatorial election either very or fairly closely.

In the upcoming November 8 election, there will be seven state propositions for voters. Due to time constraints, our survey only asked about three ballot measures: Propositions 26, 27, and For each, we read the proposition number, ballot, and ballot label. Two of the state ballot measures were also included in the September survey Propositions 27 and 30 , while Proposition 26 was not.

This measure would allow in-person sports betting at racetracks and tribal casinos, requiring that racetracks and casinos offering sports betting make certain payments to the state to support state regulatory costs. It also allows roulette and dice games at tribal casinos and adds a new way to enforce certain state gambling laws.

Fewer than half of likely voters say the outcome of each of these state propositions is very important to them. Today, 21 percent of likely voters say the outcome of Prop 26 is very important, 31 percent say the outcome of Prop 27 is very important, and 42 percent say the outcome of Prop 30 is very important.

Today, when it comes to the importance of the outcome of Prop 26, one in four or fewer across partisan groups say it is very important to them. About one in three across partisan groups say the outcome of Prop 27 is very important to them. Fewer than half across partisan groups say the outcome of Prop 30 is very important to them. When asked how they would vote if the election for the US House of Representatives were held today, 56 percent of likely voters say they would vote for or lean toward the Democratic candidate, while 39 percent would vote for or lean toward the Republican candidate.

Democratic candidates are preferred by a point margin in Democratic-held districts, while Republican candidates are preferred by a point margin in Republican-held districts. Abortion is another prominent issue in this election. When asked about the importance of abortion rights, 61 percent of likely voters say the issue is very important in determining their vote for Congress and another 20 percent say it is somewhat important; just 17 percent say it is not too or not at all important.

With the controlling party in Congress hanging in the balance, 51 percent of likely voters say they are extremely or very enthusiastic about voting for Congress this year; another 29 percent are somewhat enthusiastic while 19 percent are either not too or not at all enthusiastic.

Today, Democrats and Republicans have about equal levels of enthusiasm, while independents are much less likely to be extremely or very enthusiastic. As Californians prepare to vote in the upcoming midterm election, fewer than half of adults and likely voters are satisfied with the way democracy is working in the United States—and few are very satisfied.

Satisfaction was higher in our February survey when 53 percent of adults and 48 percent of likely voters were satisfied with democracy in America. Today, half of Democrats and about four in ten independents are satisfied, compared to about one in five Republicans.

Notably, four in ten Republicans are not at all satisfied. In addition to the lack of satisfaction with the way democracy is working, Californians are divided about whether Americans of different political positions can still come together and work out their differences. Forty-nine percent are optimistic, while 46 percent are pessimistic. Today, in a rare moment of bipartisan agreement, about four in ten Democrats, Republicans, and independents are optimistic that Americans of different political views will be able to come together.

Notably, in , half or more across parties, regions, and demographic groups were optimistic. Today, about eight in ten Democrats—compared to about half of independents and about one in ten Republicans—approve of Governor Newsom. Across demographic groups, about half or more approve of how Governor Newsom is handling his job.

Approval of Congress among adults has been below 40 percent for all of after seeing a brief run above 40 percent for all of Democrats are far more likely than Republicans to approve of Congress. Fewer than half across regions and demographic groups approve of Congress.

Approval in March was at 44 percent for adults and 39 percent for likely voters. Across demographic groups, about half or more approve among women, younger adults, African Americans, Asian Americans, and Latinos.

Views are similar across education and income groups, with just fewer than half approving. Approval in March was at 41 percent for adults and 36 percent for likely voters. Across regions, approval reaches a majority only in the San Francisco Bay Area.

Across demographic groups, approval reaches a majority only among African Americans. This map highlights the five geographic regions for which we present results; these regions account for approximately 90 percent of the state population. Residents of other geographic areas in gray are included in the results reported for all adults, registered voters, and likely voters, but sample sizes for these less-populous areas are not large enough to report separately.

The PPIC Statewide Survey is directed by Mark Baldassare, president and CEO and survey director at the Public Policy Institute of California. Coauthors of this report include survey analyst Deja Thomas, who was the project manager for this survey; associate survey director and research fellow Dean Bonner; and survey analyst Rachel Lawler.

The Californians and Their Government survey is supported with funding from the Arjay and Frances F. Findings in this report are based on a survey of 1, California adult residents, including 1, interviewed on cell phones and interviewed on landline telephones. The sample included respondents reached by calling back respondents who had previously completed an interview in PPIC Statewide Surveys in the last six months.

Interviews took an average of 19 minutes to complete. Interviewing took place on weekend days and weekday nights from October 14—23, Cell phone interviews were conducted using a computer-generated random sample of cell phone numbers. Additionally, we utilized a registration-based sample RBS of cell phone numbers for adults who are registered to vote in California.

All cell phone numbers with California area codes were eligible for selection. After a cell phone user was reached, the interviewer verified that this person was age 18 or older, a resident of California, and in a safe place to continue the survey e. Cell phone respondents were offered a small reimbursement to help defray the cost of the call.

Cell phone interviews were conducted with adults who have cell phone service only and with those who have both cell phone and landline service in the household. Landline interviews were conducted using a computer-generated random sample of telephone numbers that ensured that both listed and unlisted numbers were called. Additionally, we utilized a registration-based sample RBS of landline phone numbers for adults who are registered to vote in California.

All landline telephone exchanges in California were eligible for selection. For both cell phones and landlines, telephone numbers were called as many as eight times. When no contact with an individual was made, calls to a number were limited to six. Also, to increase our ability to interview Asian American adults, we made up to three additional calls to phone numbers estimated by Survey Sampling International as likely to be associated with Asian American individuals.

Accent on Languages, Inc. The survey sample was closely comparable to the ACS figures. To estimate landline and cell phone service in California, Abt Associates used state-level estimates released by the National Center for Health Statistics—which used data from the National Health Interview Survey NHIS and the ACS.

The estimates for California were then compared against landline and cell phone service reported in this survey. We also used voter registration data from the California Secretary of State to compare the party registration of registered voters in our sample to party registration statewide. The sampling error, taking design effects from weighting into consideration, is ±3. This means that 95 times out of , the results will be within 3.

The sampling error for unweighted subgroups is larger: for the 1, registered voters, the sampling error is ±4. For the sampling errors of additional subgroups, please see the table at the end of this section.

Sampling error is only one type of error to which surveys are subject. Results may also be affected by factors such as question wording, question order, and survey timing. We present results for five geographic regions, accounting for approximately 90 percent of the state population.

Residents of other geographic areas are included in the results reported for all adults, registered voters, and likely voters, but sample sizes for these less-populous areas are not large enough to report separately. We also present results for congressional districts currently held by Democrats or Republicans, based on residential zip code and party of the local US House member. We compare the opinions of those who report they are registered Democrats, registered Republicans, and no party preference or decline-to-state or independent voters; the results for those who say they are registered to vote in other parties are not large enough for separate analysis.

We also analyze the responses of likely voters—so designated per their responses to survey questions about voter registration, previous election participation, intentions to vote this year, attention to election news, and current interest in politics.

The percentages presented in the report tables and in the questionnaire may not add to due to rounding. Additional details about our methodology can be found at www. pdf and are available upon request through surveys ppic.

October 14—23, 1, California adult residents; 1, California likely voters English, Spanish. Margin of error ±3. Percentages may not add up to due to rounding. Overall, do you approve or disapprove of the way that Gavin Newsom is handling his job as governor of California?

Overall, do you approve or disapprove of the way that the California Legislature is handling its job? Do you think things in California are generally going in the right direction or the wrong direction? Thinking about your own personal finances—would you say that you and your family are financially better off, worse off, or just about the same as a year ago? Next, some people are registered to vote and others are not. Are you absolutely certain that you are registered to vote in California?

Are you registered as a Democrat, a Republican, another party, or are you registered as a decline-to-state or independent voter? Would you call yourself a strong Republican or not a very strong Republican? Do you think of yourself as closer to the Republican Party or Democratic Party?

Which one of the seven state propositions on the November 8 ballot are you most interested in? Initiative Constitutional Amendment and Statute. It allows in-person sports betting at racetracks and tribal casinos, and requires that racetracks and casinos that offer sports betting to make certain payments to the state—such as to support state regulatory costs.

The fiscal impact is increased state revenues, possibly reaching tens of millions of dollars annually. Some of these revenues would support increased state regulatory and enforcement costs that could reach the low tens of millions of dollars annually. If the election were held today, would you vote yes or no on Proposition 26? Initiative Constitutional Amendment.

It allows Indian tribes and affiliated businesses to operate online and mobile sports wagering outside tribal lands. It directs revenues to regulatory costs, homelessness programs, and nonparticipating tribes. Some revenues would support state regulatory costs, possibly reaching the mid-tens of millions of dollars annually. If the election were held today, would you vote yes or no on Proposition 27? Initiative Statute.

It allocates tax revenues to zero-emission vehicle purchase incentives, vehicle charging stations, and wildfire prevention. If the election were held today, would you vote yes or no on Proposition 30? Do you agree or disagree with these statements? Overall, do you approve or disapprove of the way that Joe Biden is handling his job as president?

Overall, do you approve or disapprove of the way Alex Padilla is handling his job as US Senator? Overall, do you approve or disapprove of the way Dianne Feinstein is handling her job as US Senator? Overall, do you approve or disapprove of the way the US Congress is handling its job?

Do you think things in the United States are generally going in the right direction or the wrong direction? How satisfied are you with the way democracy is working in the United States? Are you very satisfied, somewhat satisfied, not too satisfied, or not at all satisfied? These days, do you feel [rotate] [1] optimistic [or] [2] pessimistic that Americans of different political views can still come together and work out their differences?

SMS messaging was used for the first time on 3 December , [8] at the Three Tuns Public House in Reading, Berkshire [9] when Neil Papworth , a year-old test engineer for Sema Group in the UK [10] now Airwide Solutions , [11] used a personal computer to send the text message " Merry Christmas " via the Vodafone network to the phone of Richard Jarvis, [12] [13] who was at a party in Newbury, Berkshire , which had been organized to celebrate the event.

Modern SMS text messaging is usually messaging from one mobile phone to another. Finnish Radiolinja became the first network to offer a commercial person-to-person SMS text messaging service in When Radiolinja's domestic competitor, Telecom Finland now part of TeliaSonera also launched SMS text messaging in and the two networks offered cross-network SMS functionality, Finland became the first nation where SMS text messaging was offered on a competitive as well as on a commercial basis.

GSM was allowed [ by whom? Hence there is no "development" in the US in mobile messaging service. The GSM in the US had to use a frequency allocated for private communication services PCS — what the ITU frequency régime had blocked for DECT — Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications — feet range picocell, but survived.

American Personal Communications APC , the first GSM carrier in America, provided the first text-messaging service in the United States. Sprint Telecommunications Venture, a partnership of Sprint Corp.

and three large cable-TV companies, owned 49 percent of APC. APC operated under the brand name of Sprint Spectrum and launched its service on 15 November , in Washington, D. and in Baltimore, Maryland. Vice President Al Gore in Washington, D. made the initial phone-call to launch the network, calling Mayor Kurt Schmoke in Baltimore. Initial growth of text messaging worldwide was slow, with customers in sending on average only 0.

However, not all text-messaging systems use SMS; some notable alternate implementations of the concept include J-Phone 's SkyMail and NTT Docomo 's Short Mail , both in Japan. Text messaging is most often used between private mobile phone users, as a substitute for voice calls in situations where voice communication is impossible or undesirable e.

Texting is also used to communicate very brief messages, such as informing someone that you will be late or reminding a friend or colleague about a meeting. As with e-mail, informality and brevity have become an accepted part of text messaging. Some text messages such as SMS can also be used for the remote control of home appliances.

It is widely used in domotics systems. Some amateurs have also built their own systems to control some of their appliances via SMS. A Flash SMS is a type [19] of text message that appears directly on the main screen without user interaction and is not automatically stored in the inbox. It can be useful in cases such as an emergency e. Short message services are developing very rapidly throughout the world.

SMS is particularly popular in Europe, Asia excluding Japan; see below , United States, Australia, and New Zealand and is also gaining influence in Africa.

Popularity has grown to a sufficient extent that the term texting used as a verb meaning the act of mobile phone users sending short messages back and forth has entered the common lexicon. Young Asians consider SMS as the most popular mobile phone application. It is a very influential and powerful tool in the Philippines, where the average user sends 10—12 text messages a day.

The Philippines alone sends on average over 1 billion text messages a day, [24] more than the annual average SMS volume of the countries in Europe, and even China and India. Similarly, in , text messaging played a primary role in the implication of former Detroit Mayor Kwame Kilpatrick in an SMS sex scandal. In many markets, the service is comparatively cheap. The service is enormously profitable to the service providers.

There are also free SMS services available, which are often sponsored, that allow sending [26] and receiving [27] SMS from a PC connected to the Internet.

Users on these plans send on average SMS messages every month. Text messaging has become so popular that advertising agencies and advertisers are now jumping into the text messaging business. Services that provide bulk text message sending are also becoming a popular way for clubs, associations, and advertisers to reach a group of opt-in subscribers quickly.

Research suggests that Internet-based mobile messaging will have grown to equal the popularity of SMS in , with nearly 10 trillion messages being sent through each technology. Research has shown that women are more likely than men to use emoticons in text messages.

Of many texting trends, a system known as microblogging has surfaced, which consists of a miniaturized blog, inspired mainly by people's tendency to jot down informal thoughts and post them online. They consist of websites like Twitter and its Chinese equivalent Weibo 微博. As of , both of these websites were popular. In some countries, text messages can be used to contact emergency services.

In the UK, text messages can be used to call emergency services only after registering with the emergency SMS service. This service is primarily aimed at people who, because of disability, are unable to make a voice call. It has recently been promoted as a means for walkers and climbers to call [31] [32] emergency services from areas where a voice call is not possible due to low signal strength. In the US, there is a move to require both traditional operators and Over-the-top messaging providers to support texting to Since the location of a handset is known, systems can alert everyone in an area that the events have made impossible to pass through e.

an avalanche. A similar system, known as Emergency Alert , is used in Australia to notify the public of impending disasters through both SMS and landline phone calls. These messages can be sent based on either the location of the phone or the address to which the handset is registered. SMS messages are used in some countries as reminders of medical appointments. A recent study by Sims and colleagues examined the outcomes of 24, outpatient appointments scheduled in mental health services in South-East London.

US-based cloud radiology information system vendor AbbaDox includes this in their patient engagement services. Short codes are special telephone numbers, shorter than full telephone numbers, that can be used to address SMS and MMS messages from mobile phones or fixed phones.

There are two types of short codes: dialling and messaging. SMS gateway providers facilitate the SMS traffic between businesses and mobile subscribers, being mainly responsible for carrying mission-critical messages, SMS for enterprises, content delivery and entertainment services involving SMS, e.

Considering SMS messaging performance and cost, as well as the level of text messaging services, SMS gateway providers can be classified as resellers of the text messaging capability of another provider's SMSC or offering the text messaging capability as an operator of their own SMSC with SS7. Many operate text-in services on short codes or mobile number ranges, whereas others use lower-cost geographic text-in numbers.

SMS is widely used for delivering digital content, such as news alerts, financial information, pictures, GIFs, logos and ringtones. Such messages are also known as premium-rated short messages PSMS. Services like 82ASK and Any Question Answered have used the PSMS model to enable rapid response to mobile consumers' questions, using on-call teams of experts and researchers.

In November , amidst complaints about unsolicited charges on bills, major mobile carriers in the US agreed to stop billing for PSMS in 45 states, effectively ending its use in the United States. Outside the United States, premium short messages are increasingly being used for "real-world" services. For example, some vending machines now allow payment by sending a premium-rated short message, so that the cost of the item bought is added to the user's phone bill or subtracted from the user's prepaid credits.

Recently, premium messaging companies have come under fire from consumer groups due to a large number of consumers racking up huge phone bills. A new type of free-premium or hybrid-premium content has emerged with the launch of text-service websites. These sites allow registered users to receive free text messages when items they are interested in go on sale, or when new items are introduced. An alternative to inbound SMS is based on long numbers international mobile number format, e.

Additionally, long numbers are non-premium inbound numbers. The use of text messaging for workplace purposes has grown significantly during the mids decade.

As companies seek competitive advantages, many employees are using new technology, collaborative applications, and real-time messaging such as SMS, instant messaging , and mobile communications to connect with teammates and customers.

Some practical uses of text messaging include the use of SMS for confirming delivery or other tasks, for instant communication between a service provider and a client e.

Several universities have implemented a system of texting students and faculties campus alerts. One such example is Penn State. One regulation specifically governing the use of text messaging in financial-services firms engaged in stocks, equities, and securities trading is Regulatory Notice , Supervision of Electronic Communications, December , issued to member firms by the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority FINRA.

In Regulatory Notice , FINRA noted that "electronic communications", "e-mail", and "electronic correspondence" may be used interchangeably and can include such forms of electronic messaging as instant messaging and text messaging.

Security, confidentiality, reliability, and speed of SMS are among the most important guarantees industries such as financial services, energy and commodities trading, health care and enterprises demand in their mission-critical procedures.

One way to guarantee such a quality of text messaging lies in introducing SLAs Service Level Agreement , which are common in IT contracts. By providing measurable SLAs, corporations can define reliability parameters and set up a high quality of their services. In January , Mobile Marketing Association MMA published the Mobile Banking Overview for financial institutions in which it discussed the advantages and disadvantages of mobile channel platforms such as Short Message Services SMS , Mobile Web, Mobile Client Applications, SMS with Mobile Web and Secure SMS.

Mobile interaction services are an alternative way of using SMS in business communications with greater certainty. Typical business-to-business applications are telematics and Machine-to-Machine , in which two applications automatically communicate with each other.

Incident alerts are also common, and staff communications are also another use for B2B scenarios. Businesses can use SMS for time-critical alerts, updates, and reminders, mobile campaigns, content and entertainment applications. Mobile interaction can also be used for consumer-to-business interactions, such as media voting and competitions, and consumer-to-consumer interaction, for example, with mobile social networking, chatting and dating.

Text messaging is widely used in business settings; as well, it is used in many civil service and non-governmental organization workplaces. The U. And Canadian civil service both adopted Blackberry smartphones in the s.

Group texts involve more than two users. In some cases, when one or more people on the group text are offline, in airplane mode, or has their device shut down, a text being sent to the group may reveal an error message that the text did not go through. Users should rest assured, that all online or available users on the group received the message and that re-sending the message will only result in some participants receiving the message multiple times.

There are a growing number of websites that allow users to send free SMS messages online. Some websites provide free SMS for promoting premium business packages. Europe follows next behind Asia in terms of the popularity of the use of SMS.

In , an average of 16 billion messages was sent each month. Users in Spain sent a little more than fifty messages per month on average in In Italy, Germany and the United Kingdom, the figure was around 35—40 SMS messages per month. In the United Kingdom, text messages are charged between £0. Curiously, France has not taken to SMS in the same way, sending just under 20 messages on average per user per month.

France has the same GSM technology as other European countries, so the uptake is not hampered by technical restrictions. In the Republic of Ireland, 1. In , the Eurovision Song Contest organized the biggest televoting ever with SMS and phone voting.

In Finland, which has very high mobile phone ownership rates, some TV channels began "SMS chat", which involved sending short messages to a phone number, and the messages would be shown on TV. Chats are always moderated, which prevents users from sending offensive material to the channel. The craze evolved into quizzes and strategy games and then faster-paced games designed for television and SMS control.

Games require users to register their nicknames and send short messages to control a character onscreen. Messages usually cost 0. In December , a Finnish TV channel, MTV3 , put a Santa Claus character on-air reading aloud text messages sent in by viewers. On 12 March , the first entirely "interactive" TV channel, VIISI, began operation in Finland. However, SBS Finland Oy took over the channel and turned it into a music channel named The Voice in November In , the Prime Minister of Finland , Matti Vanhanen , made the news when he allegedly broke up with his girlfriend with a text message.

It is about an executive who travels through Europe and India. In the United States, text messaging is very popular; as reported by CTIA in December , the million US subscribers sent adult cellphone users send and receive text messages. The reasons for lower uptake than other countries are varied. Many users have unlimited "mobile-to-mobile" minutes, high monthly minute allotments, or unlimited service. Moreover, " push to talk " services offer the instant connectivity of SMS and are typically unlimited.

The integration between competing providers and technologies necessary for cross-network text messaging was not initially available. Some providers originally charged extra for texting, reducing its appeal.

In the U. Japan was among the first countries to adopt short messages widely, with pioneering non-GSM services including J-Phone 's SkyMail and NTT Docomo 's Short Mail. Japanese adolescents first began text messaging, because it was a cheaper form of communication than the other available forms.

Thus, Japanese theorists created the selective interpersonal relationship theory, claiming that mobile phones can change social networks among young people classified as to year-olds. They theorized this age group had extensive but low-quality relationships with friends, and mobile phone usage may facilitate improvement in the quality of their relationships.

They concluded this age group prefers "selective interpersonal relationships in which they maintain particular, partial, but rich relations, depending on the situation. This indicates participants make new relationships with face-to-face communication at an early stage, but use text messaging to increase their contact later on.

As the relationships between participants grew more intimate, the frequency of text messaging also increased. However, short messaging has been largely rendered obsolete by the prevalence of mobile Internet e-mail, which can be sent to and received from any e-mail address, mobile or otherwise. That said, while usually presented to the user simply as a uniform "mail" service and most users are unaware of the distinction , the operators may still internally transmit the content as short messages, especially if the destination is on the same network.

Text messaging is popular and cheap in China. About billion messages were sent in Text message spam is also a problem in China. In , It is about It is routine that the People's Republic of China government monitors text messages across the country for illegal content.

These manuals are published as cheap, handy, smaller-than-pocket-size booklets that offer diverse linguistic phrases to utilize as messages. SMS was introduced to selected markets in the Philippines in The service was initially free with subscriptions, but Filipinos quickly exploited the feature to communicate for free instead of using voice calls, which they would be charged for.

After telephone companies realized this trend, they began charging for SMS. Even after users were charged for SMS, it remained cheap, about one-tenth of the price of a voice call. This low price led to about five million Filipinos owning a cell phone by Filipinos used texting not only for social messages but also for political purposes, as it allowed the Filipinos to express their opinions on current events and political issues.

There are three mobile network companies in New Zealand. Spark NZ formally Telecom NZ , was the first telecommunication company in New Zealand. In , Spark was broken into two companies, with Chorus Ltd taking the landline infrastructure and Spark NZ providing services including over their mobile network. Vodafone NZ acquired mobile network provider Bellsouth New Zealand in and has 2. Text messaging will become a key revenue driver for mobile network operators in Africa over the next couple of years.

One such person used text messaging to spread the word about HIV and AIDS. The advent of text messaging made possible new forms of interaction that were not possible before. A person may now carry out a conversation with another user without the constraint of being expected to reply within a short amount of time and without needing to set time aside to engage in conversation.

With voice calling, both participants need to be free at the same time. Mobile phone users can maintain communication during situations in which a voice call is impractical, impossible, or unacceptable, such as during a school class or work meeting. Texting has provided a venue for participatory culture , allowing viewers to vote in online and TV polls, as well as receive information while they are on the move. Texting can also bring people together and create a sense of community through " Smart Mobs " or "Net War", which create "people power".

The small phone keypad and the rapidity of typical text message exchanges have caused a number of spelling abbreviations: as in the phrase "txt msg", "u" an abbreviation for "you" , "HMU" "hit me up"; i. To avoid the even more limited message lengths allowed when using Cyrillic or Greek letters, speakers of languages written in those alphabets often use the Latin alphabet for their own language.

In certain languages utilizing diacritic marks, such as Polish, SMS technology created an entire new variant of written language: characters normally written with diacritic marks e. Historically, this language developed out of shorthand used in bulletin board systems and later in Internet chat rooms , where users would abbreviate some words to allow a response to be typed more quickly, though the amount of time saved was often inconsequential.

However, this became much more pronounced in SMS, where mobile phone users either have a numeric keyboard with older cellphones or a small QWERTY keyboard for s-era smartphones , so more effort is required to type each character, and there is sometimes a limit on the number of characters that may be sent.

In Mandarin Chinese , numbers that sound similar to words are used in place of those words. For example, the numbers in Chinese wǔ èr líng sound like the words for "I love you" wǒ ài nǐ. The sequence qī sì bā sounds like the curse "go to hell" qù sǐ ba. Predictive text software, which attempts to guess words Tegic 's T9 as well as iTap or letters Eatoni's LetterWise reduces the labour of time-consuming input.

This makes abbreviations not only less necessary but slower to type than regular words that are in the software's dictionary. However, it makes the messages longer, often requiring the text message to be sent in multiple parts and, therefore, costing more to send. The use of text messaging has changed the way that people talk and write essays, some [72] believing it to be harmful.

Children today are receiving cell phones at an age as young as eight years old; more than 35 per cent of children in second and third grade have their own mobile phones.

Because of this, the texting language is integrated into the way that students think from an earlier age than ever before. An article in The New Yorker explores how text messaging has anglicized some of the world's languages. The use of diacritic marks is dropped in languages such as French, as well as symbols in Ethiopian languages.

In his book, Txtng: the Gr8 Db8 which translates as "Texting: the Great Debate" , David Crystal states that texters in all eleven languages use "lol" "laughing out loud" , "u", "brb" "be right back" , and "gr8" "great" , all English-based shorthands.

The use of pictograms and logograms in texts are present in every language. They shorten words by using symbols to represent the word or symbols whose name sounds like a syllable of the word such as in 2day or b4. This is commonly used in other languages as well. Crystal gives some examples in several languages such as Italian sei , "six", is used for sei , "you are".

There is also the use of numeral sequences, substituting for several syllables of a word and creating whole phrases using numerals. For example, in French, a12c4 can be said as à un de ces quatres , "see you around" literally: "to one of these four [days] ". An example of using symbols in texting and borrowing from English is the use of. Whenever it is used in texting, its intended use is with the English pronunciation. Crystal gives the example of the Welsh use of in F , pronounced ataf, meaning "to me".

In character-based languages such as Chinese and Japanese, numbers are assigned syllables based on the shortened form of the pronunciation of the number, sometimes the English pronunciation of the number. In this way, numbers alone can be used to communicate whole passages, such as in Chinese, "" can be literally translated as "Hug hug you, kiss you, whole life, whole life I love you.

American popular culture is also recognized in shorthand. The feeling of individualism and freedom makes texting more popular and a more efficient way to communicate. It originally began as a messaging system that would send out emergency information. But it gained immediate popularity with the public.

What followed is the SMS we see today, which is a very quick and efficient way of sharing information from person to person. Work by Richard Ling has shown that texting has a gendered dimension and it plays into the development of teen identity.

For most people, half of their texts go to 3 — 5 other people. Research by Rosen et al. in daily writing produced worse formal writing than those young adults who used fewer linguistic textisms in daily writing. However, the exact opposite was true for informal writing.

This suggests that perhaps the act of using textisms to shorten communication words leads young adults to produce more informal writing, which may then help them to be better "informal" writers. Due to text messaging, teens are writing more, and some teachers see that this comfort with language can be harnessed to make better writers. This new form of communication may be encouraging students to put their thoughts and feelings into words and this may be able to be used as a bridge, to get them more interested in formal writing.

Joan H. Lee in her thesis, What does txting do 2 language: The influences of exposure to messaging and print media on acceptability constraints , [82] she associates exposure to text messaging with more rigid acceptability constraints. The thesis suggests that more exposure to the colloquial, Generation Text language of text messaging contributes to being less accepting of words. In contrast, Lee found that students with more exposure to traditional print media such as books and magazines were more accepting of both real and fictitious words.

The thesis, which garnered international media attention, also presents a literature review of academic literature on the effects of text messaging on language. Texting has also been shown to have had no effect or some positive effects on literacy. According to Plester, Wood and Joshi and their research done on the study of 88 British 10—year-old children and their knowledge of text messages, "textisms are essentially forms of phonetic abbreviation" that show that "to produce and read such abbreviations arguably requires a level of phonological awareness and orthographic awareness in the child concerned.

Texting while driving leads to increased distraction behind the wheel and can lead to an increased risk of an accident. In , Liberty Mutual Insurance Group conducted a survey with more than teens from over 26 high schools nationwide.

One example of distraction behind the wheel is the Chatsworth train collision , which killed 25 passengers. The engineer had sent 45 text messages while operating the train. The experiment found that texting while driving was more dangerous than being drunk. In , the Virginia Tech Transportation Institute released the results of an month study that involved placing cameras inside the cabs of more than long-haul trucks, which recorded the drivers over a combined driving distance of three million miles.

The study concluded that when the drivers were texting, their risk of crashing was 23 times greater than when not texting. Due to the proliferation of smart phone applications performed while walking, "texting while walking" or "wexting" is the increasing practice of people being transfixed to their mobile device without looking in any direction but their personal screen while walking.

First coined reference in in New York from Rentrak's chief client officer [87] when discussing time spent with media and various media usage metrics. Text messaging among pedestrians leads to increased cognitive distraction and reduced situation awareness, and may lead to increases in unsafe behaviour leading to injury and death. It is unclear which processes may be affected by distraction, which types of distraction may affect which cognitive processes, and how individual differences may affect the influence of distraction.

According to them, the addition of texting while walking with vision occluded increases the demands placed on the working memory system resulting in gait disruptions. Texting on a phone distracts participants, even when the texting task used is a relatively simple one.

investigated the effect of other cognitive tasks, such as engaging in conversations or cognitive tasks on a phone, and found that participants actually have reduced visual awareness.

The act of texting itself seems to impair pedestrians' visual awareness. It appears that the distraction produced by texting is a combination of both a cognitive and visual perceptual distraction. supported some of these findings, particularly that those who text while walking significantly alter their gait.

However, they also found that the gait pattern texters adopted was slower and more "protective", and consequently did not increase obstacle contact or tripping in a typical pedestrian context. proposing to use machine learning to specifically detect incoming vehicles. Sexting is slang for the act of sending sexually explicit or suggestive content between mobile devices using SMS. Sexting was reported as early as in The Sunday Telegraph Magazine , [] constituting a trend in the creative use of SMS to excite another with alluring messages throughout the day.

Although sexting often takes place consensually between two people, it can also occur against the wishes of a person who is the subject of the content. Celebrities such as Miley Cyrus , Vanessa Hudgens , and Adrienne Bailon have been victims of such abuses of sexting. com [] suggested a trend of sexting and other seductive online content being readily shared between teens.

One in five teen girls surveyed 22 per cent —and 11 per cent of teen girls aged 13—16 years old—say they have electronically sent, or posted online, nude or semi-nude images of themselves. One-third 33 per cent of teen boys and one-quarter 25 per cent of teen girls say they were shown private nude or semi-nude images.

According to the survey, sexually suggestive messages text, e-mail, and instant messaging were even more common than images, with 39 per cent of teens having sent or posted such messages, and half of the teens 50 per cent having received them. A study that has received wide international media attention was conducted at the University of Utah Department of Psychology by Donald S.

Strassberg, Ryan Kelly McKinnon, Michael Sustaíta and Jordan Rullo. They surveyed teenagers ages 14—18 and found that nearly 20 per cent of the students said they had sent a sexually explicit image of themselves via cell phone, and nearly twice as many said that they had received a sexually explicit picture. Of those receiving such a picture, over 25 per cent indicated that they had forwarded it to others. In addition, of those who had sent a sexually explicit picture, over a third had done so despite believing that there could be serious legal and other consequences if they got caught.

Students who had sent a picture by cell phone were more likely than others to find the activity acceptable. The authors conclude: "These results argue for educational efforts such as cell phone safety assemblies, awareness days, integration into class curriculum and teacher training, designed to raise awareness about the potential consequences of sexting among young people. Text messaging has affected students academically by creating an easier way to cheat on exams.

In December , a dozen students were caught cheating on an accounting exam through the use of text messages on their mobile phones. According to Okada , most Japanese mobile phones can send and receive long text messages of between and characters with graphics, video, audio, and Web links. Further, published research has established that students who text during college lectures have impaired memories of the lecture material compared to students who do not.

Spreading rumors and gossip by text message, using text messages to bully individuals, or forwarding texts that contain defamatory content is an issue of great concern for parents and schools. Text "bullying" of this sort can cause distress and damage reputations. In some cases, individuals who are bullied online have committed suicide.

Harding and Rosenberg argue that the urge to forward text messages can be difficult to resist, describing text messages as "loaded weapons". When a student sends an email that contains phonetic abbreviations and acronyms that are common in text messaging e. In a study by Lewandowski and Harrington , participants read a student's email sent to a professor that either contained text-messaging abbreviations gr8, How R U? or parallel text in standard English great, How are you?

Specifically, abbreviation users were seen as less intelligent, responsible, motivated, studious, dependable, and hard-working. These findings suggest that the nature of a student's email communication can influence how others perceive the student and their work. However, students have become aware of the reality that using these textisms and adaptations can negatively impact their professionalism.

Drouin and Davis surveyed American undergraduates in and found that three quarters of participants believed the use of textisms were not appropriate in formal messaging and writing. Text messaging has been a subject of interest for police forces around the world. One of the issues of concern to law enforcement agencies is the use of encrypted text messages. In , a British company developed a program called Fortress SMS which used bit AES encryption to protect SMS messages.

For example, Swedish police retrieved deleted texts from a cult member who claimed she committed a double murder based on forwarded texts she received. Several thieves have been caught and children have been found using the SMS Alerts. The service has been expanding to other cities.

The Boston Police Department asks citizens to send texts to make anonymous crime tips. Under some interpretations of sharia law , husbands can divorce their wives by the pronouncement of talaq. In , a court in Malaysia upheld such a divorce pronouncement which was transmitted via SMS. The Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court ruled in that under the state constitution, police require a warrant before obtaining access to text messages without consent.

Texting has been used on a number of occasions with the result of the gathering of large aggressive crowds. SMS messaging drew a crowd to Cronulla Beach in Sydney resulting in the Cronulla riots.

Not only were text messages circulating in the Sydney area but in other states as well Daily Telegraph. The volume of such text messages and e-mails also increased in the wake of the riot. Sutherland Shire Mayor directly blamed heavily circulated SMS messages for the unrest. The Narre Warren Incident, when a group of party goers attended a party at Narre Warren in Melbourne, Australia, and rioted in January , also was a response of communication being spread by SMS and Myspace.

Officials say it is an easy way of contacting the community or individuals for meetings or events. Between and the U. secretly created and funded a Twitter -like service for Cubans called ZunZuneo , initially based on mobile phone text message service and later with an internet interface. The service was funded by the U. Agency for International Development through its Office of Transition Initiatives , who utilized contractors and front companies in the Cayman Islands, Spain and Ireland.

A longer-term objective was to organize "smart mobs" that might "renegotiate the balance of power between the state and society. At its peak ZunZuneo had 40, Cuban users, but the service closed as financially unsustainable when U. funding was stopped. Text messaging has affected the political world. American campaigns find that text messaging is a much easier, cheaper way of getting to the voters than the door-to-door approach. The popular campaign against him was widely reported to have been coordinated with SMS chain letters.

During the U. Democratic and Republican National Conventions, protesters used an SMS-based organizing tool called TXTmob to get to opponents. Text messaging has helped politics by promoting campaigns. On 20 January , President Joseph Estrada of the Philippines became the first head of state in history to lose power to a smart mob. These people have organized themselves and coordinated their actions through text messaging.

They were able to bring down a government without having to use any weapons or violence. Through text messaging, their plans and ideas were communicated to others and successfully implemented. Also, this move encouraged the military to withdraw their support from the regime, and as a result, the Estrada government fell.

Text messaging is a rapidly growing trend in Healthcare. Where messages could be saved to a phone indefinitely, patient information could be subject to theft or loss, and could be seen by other unauthorized persons.

The HIPAA privacy rule requires that any text message involving a medical decision must be available for the patient to access, meaning that any texts that are not documented in an EMR system could be a HIPAA violation. The excessive use of the thumb for pressing keys on mobile devices has led to a high rate of a form of repetitive strain injury termed "BlackBerry thumb" although this refers to strain developed on older Blackberry devices, which had a scroll wheel on the side of the phone.

An inflammation of the tendons in the thumb caused by constant text-messaging is also called text-messager's thumb, or texting tenosynovitis.

Increasing cases of Internet addiction are now also being linked to text messaging, as mobile phones are now more likely to have e-mail and Web capabilities to complement the ability to text. Texting etiquette refers to what is considered appropriate texting behaviour. One example from the site is: "Keep your message brief. No one wants to have an entire conversation with you by texting when you could just call him or her instead. Typing a text message in all capital letters will appear as though you are shouting at the recipient, and should be avoided.

Expectations for etiquette may differ depending on various factors. For example, expectations for appropriate behaviour have been found to differ markedly between the U. and India. In The M-Factor: How the Millennial Generation Is Rocking the Workplace , Lynne Lancaster and David Stillman note that younger Americans often do not consider it rude to answer their cell or begin texting in the middle of a face-to-face conversation with someone else, while older people, less used to the behavior and the accompanying lack of eye contact or attention, find this to be disruptive and ill-mannered.

In , an increasing trend towards spamming mobile phone users through SMS prompted cellular-service carriers to take steps against the practice, before it became a widespread problem. No major spamming incidents involving SMS had been reported as of March [update] , but the existence of mobile phone spam [] has been noted by industry watchdogs including Consumer Reports magazine and the Utility Consumers' Action Network UCAN.

In SMiShing, users receive SMS messages posing to be from a company, enticing users to phone premium-rate numbers or reply with personal information. Similar concerns were reported by PhonepayPlus, a consumer watchdog in the United Kingdom, in Concerns have been voiced [] over the excessive cost of off-plan text messaging in the United States.

With service providers gaining more customers and expanding their capacity, their overhead costs should be decreasing, not increasing. In , text messaging generated nearly 70 billion dollars in revenue, as reported by Gartner, industry analysts, three times as much as Hollywood box office sales in World figures showed that over a trillion text messages were sent in Although major cellphone providers deny any collusion, fees for out-of-package text messages have increased, doubling from 10 to 20 cents in the United States between and alone.

While text messaging is still a growing market, traditional SMS is becoming increasingly challenged by alternative messaging services which are available on smartphones with data connections. These services are much cheaper and offer more functionality like exchanging multimedia content e.

photos, videos or audio notes and group messaging. Especially in western countries some of these services attract more and more users.

Consumer SMS should not be used for confidential communication. The contents of common SMS messages are known to the network operator's systems and personnel.

Skip to content NOWCAST News 9 This Morning a. Coming up Soon. Press enter to search Type to Search. Search location by ZIP code ZIP. The content you're looking for is no longer available. Daniel Cole. By Associated Press. WMUR Arizona man ticketed for driving in the HOV lane with an inflatable Grinch in the passenger seat WMUR 'Unlike any planets found in our solar system:' These two planets are probably made of water, study finds WMUR. By Parija Kavilanz, CNN. Kristen Rogers, CNN.

By Jocelyn Brumbaugh. Latest Video. Marine returns home to surprise family for the holidays. Doorbell video helps police capture porch pirates. Woman whose car was stolen off the side of highway surprised with new car.

Mother, son fulfill kindergarten promise as they graduate college together. Slideshow Central. Pawleys Island PD. By Janice Limon. By The Associated Press. By National Desk Staff. PHOTOS: A look at this year's Tour de France AP PHOTOS: Withering drought shows Lake Mead boat graveyard AP Gallery: The first week at the Wimbledon tennis tournament AP PHOTOS: Supermoon delights skygazers around the world AP Gallery: As world marks Earth Day, trash still big problem AP.

DEE-ANN DURBIN AP Business Writer. By Joe Minihane, CNN. By Jonathan Ayestas. KATHLEEN FOODY. By Jeremy Jenkins. Huge aquarium bursts in Berlin, releases flood of 1, fish. Laura He and Jennie Chen, CNN.

Live Now. Services like 82ASK and Any Question Answered have used the PSMS model to enable rapid response to mobile consumers' questions, using on-call teams of experts and researchers. The winners were a team from South Korea, Ha Mok-min and Bae Yeong-ho. Kristiansen keyed in the official text message, as established by Guinness, in It is about

Categories:

• Binary Options online
• Binary Options
• Forex Bitcoin
• Forex Brokers
• Forex